How to Choose a Real-Time Analytics Database
Written by Junaid Ahmed
As data eats the world, choosing the right tools to build effective data pipelines and handle real-time data analytics can be tricky. Organizations need to transform raw event streams into actionable insights with minimal latency. The challenge isn't just data volume—it's building resilient architectures that can ingest, process, and analyze data at scale.
Real-time analytics databases are vital to this architecture, but choosing the best one can be overwhelming. With so many options available, it’s important to understand the key differences, their features, and how they align with your requirements.
In this blog post, we’ll walk you through the process of choosing the best real-time analytics database for your needs. We'll discuss the key features of these databases and provide detailed comparisons to ease your decision.
What Is a Real-Time Analytics Database?
A real-time analytics database is a specialized database that continuously ingests data streams to support analytics computations. These databases use advanced data processing techniques, such as in-memory computing and stream processing to ensure data is processed immediately upon arrival.
These databases enable developers to process and analyze events in real time as they occur. As a result, they can extract timely insights and make quick decisions. This optimization not only helps achieve lower latency but also reduces the overall computational burden, leading to cost savings.
A notable example of real-time analytics functionality is Timescale's continuous aggregates. Continuous aggregates automatically compute and materialize the results of complex queries on time-series data and refresh as new data arrives. The feature helps organizations carry out roll-up analyses efficiently and derive insights without having to re-calculate aggregates manually.
Continuous aggregates are especially helpful when real-time insights from large datasets are required, such as monitoring system metrics or financial data. Unlike traditional materialized views, they make high-volume time-series data easier to work with by automatically refreshing and reducing latency while keeping resource costs low.
Real-time analytics databases have various applications to support multiple domains, including security, e-commerce, predictions, and monitoring. Some of the applications are:
Customer personalization: Real-time analytics databases deliver relevant content and product recommendations based on current data, adapting dynamically to user preferences for higher satisfaction and engagement.
Security and fraud detection: They detect anomalies in incoming data, helping organizations identify potential fraud or security breaches and take immediate action to mitigate risks.
Real-time forecasting: By analyzing data streams instantly, these databases provide insights into market conditions and consumer behavior, enabling businesses to track trends and adjust strategies in real time.
Operational efficiency: Real-time analytics enhance operational efficiency by enabling quick responses to changing conditions and optimizing resource allocation, ultimately reducing waste.
Choosing the Right Analytics Database
Choosing the right real-time analytics database (RTAD) is core to your data infrastructure's ability to pace up with ever-increasing demands in dynamic data-driven environments. A typical ideal RTAD provides performance in combination with flexibility, dependability, and cost-effectiveness.
Scale
One notable feature of a robust database for real-time analytics is its ability to scale. It should manage large volumes of data without compromising performance. This includes handling high volumes of data while scaling with organizational demands. It should operate smoothly even when the volume of data becomes very high without performance bottlenecks.
Key features to look for
High-performance queries: The system built for analytics in real time must enable efficient and precise querying for recent and historical data. This scalability in querying ensures consistent performance even as the dataset expands. It is crucial for applications such as fraud detection, operational monitoring, and customer engagement, where timely insights are indispensable.
High ingest throughput: The system should support thousands of incoming records per second via streaming ingestion. This is necessary to handle the speed at which data comes in without queuing and ensure that the system can manage the volume of data as it grows.
Throughput
Throughput refers to the system's ability to process data efficiently while responding to incoming queries. High throughput is crucial in time-sensitive environments. It ensures the capacity to manage continuous data inflow and deliver insights quickly, enabling fast and confident decision-making.
Key features to look for
Low-latency ingestion: A potent RTAD should support low-latency ingestion, which means that newly arrived data should be available for analysis instantly. The low latency is paramount in such situations where decision-makers need to act in real-time events, ensuring the system remains agile and responsive.
Usability
Usability is key in empowering teams to focus their time and resources on analyzing data rather than managing infrastructure. Look for a real-time analytics database that should integrate effortlessly with the existing data tools, pipelines, and platforms you already use. By ensuring compatibility, the RTAD helps leverage prior investments without requiring an infrastructure overhaul, saving time, effort, and resources.
Key features to look
Affordability
Affordability focuses on balancing robust capabilities with reasonable costs, ensuring the RTAD remains accessible without sacrificing essential features. A cost-effective RTAD maximizes computing and storage efficiency, enabling real-time analytics for organizations of any size while supporting financial sustainability.
Key features to look for
Efficient data management: Effective data management techniques are vital for controlling storage costs and maintaining optimal performance. These techniques include data compression, rollup features, retention policies, partitioning, and indexing.
Data compression minimizes storage needs by reducing redundancy, while roll-up features aggregate historical data, streamline analysis, and improve system efficiency. Retention policies automatically remove outdated data to prevent database bloating, ensuring only relevant information is maintained.
Partitioning organizes large datasets into smaller segments, enhancing query efficiency and reducing response times. Indexing accelerates data access by allowing precise queries to be executed faster, reducing latency.
Together, these approaches optimize resource utilization, maintain system performance, and keep costs manageable, ensuring your RTAD delivers value without overwhelming expenses.
Real-time Analytics Database Options
When choosing real-time analytics solutions, organizations generally have three main options: building a custom real-time system, using specialized database systems, or enhancing existing databases with additional features. Each path has its own pros and cons. Let’s cover them in detail.
DIY real-time analytics system
DIY real-time analytics system uses a combination of tools to create a personalized solution for processing real-time data. This method typically integrates open-source technologies to design a scalable and low-latency system capable of handling large data streams.
Apache Flink is great for processing both batch and streaming data. It lets you perform real-time analytics and handle complex events in data streams, helping you get insights on the fly.
Debezium is a key player in change data capture (CDC). Debezium captures updates to your database in real time. This ensures downstream systems always work with the freshest data, allowing for quick reactions to changes.
Apache Kafka is a powerful platform for reliably streaming events and moving data. It supports scalable data pipelines, making it perfect for efficiently managing large amounts of data in real-time systems.
You can set up several structures in a DIY system, such as materialized views. The results of these views have been pre-computed to present very easy and fast access to important information. They act like cached data with the intent of meeting real-time analytics requirements.
Value: With DIY, you can build a system that precisely meets your needs without compromising functionality. Besides, making your setup helps you avoid costly subscriptions to specialized tools or platforms.
Downside: DIY systems can be complex and resource-intensive to develop and maintain. For example, tools like Flink and Debezium require deep knowledge of distributed systems, data processing, and integration. They may have a steep learning curve, and such a system might take substantial time and effort to implement.
Specialized database systems
Specialized databases ingest incoming data efficiently and are apt for cases requiring speed and performance. They integrate well with other applications and can process streams in real time at a very high speed.
With really large data sets, specialized databases return results immediately. For example, Apache Druid disaggregates and analyzes streaming data, while ClickHouse performs ultra-fast SQL query processing.
Value: The key advantage of specialized databases is their performance. They are designed to handle high-speed, high-volume data, making them ideal for businesses that need immediate insights. Their architecture, from data storage to query processing, is optimized to minimize delays and maximize efficiency.
Downside: Like any tool, these databases have challenges. First, they may take a while to master, especially since many of them use special commands and/or structures that may differ from classic ones. Integrating them into an already existing system may prove very burdensome, and they often lack the flexibility to handle other workloads. Many of the good databases are subscription-based, meaning cost increases with increased data size.
Database extension
Database extensions are built on top of existing databases to meet real-time demands. They add features like continuous aggregations, time-series optimizations, and efficient indexing for handling high-volume streaming data.
These enhancements enable near-instant analysis, turning traditional databases into powerful solutions for modern workloads. The main advantage is that organizations can continue using familiar systems while achieving better throughput and responsiveness for real-time applications.
Value: TimescaleDB is a prime example of how a database extension can elevate an existing system into a real-time analytics powerhouse. Built on the top of PostgreSQL, it enables users to handle relational and time-series workloads seamlessly. TimescaleDB also offers continuous aggregates as a native capability, ensuring lightning-fast query responses.
But perhaps the biggest differentiator for real-time analytics is TimescaleDB’s hybrid-row columnar storage engine. This engine allows TimescaleDB to automatically handle both the high-speed ingestion of new data and the efficient querying of large datasets, all while maintaining the flexibility and performance required for real-time workloads.
If you use TimescaleDB as part of the fully managed PostgreSQL service Timescale Cloud, you’ll have access to detailed query performance metrics to help you optimize your PostgreSQL databases for maximum efficiency. And, just like the Timescale team did to support the massive scale required by the Insights feature, cloud customers can employ tiered storage, which allows efficient, low-cost data storage and retrieval while maintaining query performance.
In fact, to support this database monitoring feature, the Timescale team embarked on a massive dogfooding experiment to scale PostgreSQL to handle petabytes of data and billions of new records daily while maintaining impressive query speeds. Advanced architectural features like tiered storage and continuous aggregates make this scalability possible. Even as data volumes grow with more metrics, databases, and query loads, TimescaleDB remains robust, efficient, and capable of meeting modern performance demands.
Downside: While extensions are powerful, sometimes they may not match the performance of specialized databases in handling massive data volumes or ultra-low latency scenarios. Specialized databases are fine-tuned for these extreme cases and can outperform extensions. Additionally, extensions have limitations compared to systems specifically built from the ground up for real-time analytics.
What Is Best for You
Real-time analytics solutions offer various value propositions, requiring distinct expertise and resources. Three primary use cases include DIY real-time analytics, specialized systems tailored for specific needs, and database extensions that enhance existing capabilities. Each approach caters to different organizational requirements and operational contexts.
DIY real-time analytics database
Expertise in real-time systems: This approach works well if your team can independently design, implement, and maintain a real-time system. Using your team's skills and knowledge, you can have full control over the system and effectively tailor it to your needs.
Customization: The flexibility of a DIY real-time analytics database enables you to customize it for specific use cases, seamlessly integrate new data sources, optimize performance, and include advanced analytics features. This adaptability ensures the system remains relevant and effective as your business requirements evolve.
Specialized real-time analytics database
Large-scale system: Specialized solutions are ideal for large-scale systems where dedicated, performance-oriented real-time processing is necessary. These systems are typically designed to support massive data streams while maintaining high performance.
Learn syntax and manage integrations: Most specialized real-time systems have a learning curve. It requires tools and integration methods, which can be challenging but rewarding if you need high scalability.
Database extension for real-time data
Enhancing an existing database: A database extension is an ideal approach for incorporating real-time data into an established database system. This method avoids the complexity and overhead of rebuilding the entire system.
Simplified setup and integration: Database extensions are easy to set up and integrate smoothly. They are a great choice for organizations that want real-time data without completely changing their infrastructure.
Comparison Table
Performance is linked to how well a custom solution is built and how easily it can grow.
| Complexity | Price | Performance |
DIY | High: Building and maintaining custom solutions can take a lot of resources. | Variable: You may face higher long-term costs because you keep using resources continuously. | Variable: Performance depends on the quality of the custom implementation and scalability considerations. |
Specialized | Medium: Integration with existing systems can be complex and may require specialized knowledge. | High: Often involves licensing fees and potential additional costs for specialized hardware or support. Lacks flexibility for other workloads. | High: Optimized for real-time data processing with low latency and high throughput. |
Extension | Low: Designed for easy integration with existing databases, offering a more straightforward setup. | Low: Typically more cost-effective, leveraging existing infrastructure and reducing the need for additional investments. | Moderate-High: Enhances existing databases with real-time features, offering high ingest throughput, high query performance, and low-latency ingestion. Some offer efficient data management methods. |
Conclusion
Real-time analytics databases are crucial for modern applications, enabling organizations to swiftly detect fraud, enhance user experiences, and continuously gain valuable insights. By embracing these powerful tools, businesses can either build custom in-house systems, adopt specialized solutions, or leverage database extensions. Each choice presents unique benefits that can drive significant growth and efficiency. This makes a strong case for investing in real-time analytics to stay ahead in a competitive landscape.
Among these, extensions like TimescaleDB, built on PostgreSQL, stand out for their excellent performance, seamless integration, and easy learning curve. TimescaleDB’s standout feature is its hybrid row-column storage engine for real-time analytics. It uses innovative techniques to tackle the challenges of managing large-scale, complex data.
These include chunk micro-partitions for efficient query performance, SIMD vectorization for faster data processing, skip indexes to filter out irrelevant data, and compression to enhance query speed while minimizing I/O demands.
These features make a hybrid row-column storage engine a top choice for developers and organizations looking to simplify data management and improve analytics performance. With TimescaleDB, you get a powerful PostgreSQL-compatible platform for real-time analytics that offers incredible value. Want to try it out on your own analytics pipeline? Sign up for Timescale Cloud for free today.
Scale PostgreSQL via Partitioning: A Dev’s Intro to Hypertables
Boosting Postgres INSERT Performance by 2x With UNNEST